In case of measuring instruments, the effect of unknown quantity is converted into a mechanical force which is transmitted to the pointer which moves over a calibrated scale. The moving system of such instrument is mounted on a pivoted spindle. For satisfactory operation of any indicating instrument, following system must be present in an instrument. 1) Deflecting system producing deflecting torque T d 2) Controlling system producing damping torque T c 3) Damping system producing damping torque.
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